X-12-ARIMA and X-13ARIMA-SEATS are seasonal adjustment programs developed at the U.S. Census Bureau. The programs are based on the Bureau's earlier X-11 program, the X-11-ARIMA program developed at Statistics Canada, and the SEATS program developed at the Bank of Spain.
Improvements in X-12-ARIMA as compared to X-11 are:
Additional feature in X-13ARIMA-SEATS:
X-13ARIMA-SEATS is available to download for free at the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Page. You can find download instructions for X-13ARIMA-SEATS on our download page.
We still have X-12 available for download on this site on the our software page, though the program is no longer supported by the US Census Bureau.
Before running X-12-ARIMA or X-13ARIMA-SEATS, you need to write an input specification file. The input specification file is a text file used to specify various program options. The file must end with a file extension ".spc".
An example input specification file:
series{
period = 12
title = 'Example for the FAQ'
file = 'test.dat'
format = 'datevalue'
}
transform{function=log}
arima{model = (0 1 1)(0 1 1)}
regression{variables =(td)}
outlier{ }
check{ }
forecast{maxlead = 24}
X11{ }
slidingspans{ }
history{estimates=(fcst sadj sadjchng)}
X-12-ARIMA and X-13ARIMA-SEATS are DOS/Linux programs, but there is a Windows version available separately. The Windows interface will also write the input specifications files for you.
For more information on input specification files and on running X-12-ARIMA in Windows, it is very helpful to read the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Input Files on Your PC (Windows)".
For more information on input specification files and on running X-13ARIMA-SEATS in Windows, it is very helpful to read the paper "Getting Started with X-13ARIMA-SEATS for Windows" by Brian C. Monsell, Demetra Lytras, and David Findley
Usually X-12/X-13 generates many files in a single run. Some of the files it can generate:
The output file can be easily 50-100 pages. To help you look for some of the most important tables, we've listed some below.
You can also save specific tables to separate files that can be read easily into other software, such as spreadsheet programs. For more details on saving files, please see the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Input Files on Your PC (Windows)". More information on the output can be found in the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Output".
Tables in the output file and not easy to read into other programs, such as Excel. However, the tables that X-12 and X-13 saves are very easy to read into Excel and other spreadsheet/database programs.
The first step is to use the save command so X-12/X-13 will save the tables you need. The save argument's function is to cause X-12/X-13 to write the specified tables to individual files. Saved tables are stored in files in the same directory as the program output, with the same filename as the program output but with a different extension. The extension is a distinct extension of up to three characters, which also serves as the table abbreviation.
For example, if you are running the file test.spc, and you would like to
save the seasonally adjusted series, you would add the command "save=d11"
in the x11 spec. This will save the seasonally adjusted series (Table D 11)
in the file test.d11.
series{
file = "test.dat"
start = 1987.jan
}
x11{ save = d11 }
Most save files have two columns. The columns are delimited by a tab character. Dates are in the format yyyymm (199102 is February 1991, for example). The corresponding series values are given in scientific notation. Every save file also has a two line header.
An example save file for the seasonally adjusted series (Table D 11):
date test.d11 ------ ----------------------- 199101 +0.976058552530535E+01 199102 +0.124163158177601E+02 199103 +0.135365869460595E+02 199104 +0.141431150222681E+02 199105 +0.143699654679910E+02 . . .
Once these two columns are imported into a program such as Excel, it is possible to split the first column into year and month. It is also possible, of course, to have Excel display the second column in something different from scientific notation.
For a list of all the X-12 tables with their names and codes, please see the X-12-ARIMA Quick Reference (US Census Bureau). For more details on saving files, please see the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Input Files on Your PC (Windows)".
For a list of all the X-13ARIMA-SEATS tables with their names and codes, please see the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Quick Reference (US Census Bureau). For more details on saving files in X-13ARIMA-SEATS, it is also helpful to read the paper "Getting Started with X-13ARIMA-SEATS for Windows" by Brian C. Monsell, Demetra Lytras, and David Findley.
X-12/X-13 is an iterative procedure. For a monthly series with a multiplicative decomposition, X-12 and X-13, very generally, uses the steps below to estimate the trend and seasonal components. (For definitions of the components, see question 6 under Definitions and Concepts.)
X-12/X-13 repeats this process many times, getting more and more refined estimates of the trend and the seasonal factors.
Details of the procedure can be found in the book "Seasonal Adjustment with the X-11 Method" by Ladiray and Quenneville (2001).
X-12/X-13 estimates trading day and moving holiday components as regression effects in regARIMA models. (See question 8 under Definitions and Concepts for a brief description of regARIMA models.) X-12/X-13 adjusts the effects, if any, out of the series before it begins estimating trend and seasonal components.
The seasonal filters available in X-12/X-13 consist of weighted averages of consecutive values within a given month or quarter. An n x m moving average is an m-term simple average taken over n consecutive sequential spans.
An example of a 3x3 filter for January 1999 (or Quarter 1, 1991):
1997.1 + 1998.1 + 1999.1 +
1998.1 + 1999.1 + 2000.1 +
1999.1 + 2000.1 + 2001.1
___________________________________________
9
An example of a 3x5 filter for January 1999 (or Quarter 1, 1999):
1996.1 + 1997.1 + 1998.1 + 1999.1 + 2000.1 +
1997.1 + 1998.1 + 1999.1 + 2000.1 + 2001.1 +
1998.1 + 1999.1 + 2000.1 + 2001.1 + 2002.1
_____________________________________________________________
15
X-12/X-13 provides the following seasonal filter options: 3x1, 3x3, 3x5, 3x9, 3x15 and stable. (A stable seasonal filter uses all the values for the particular month or quarter.) You can specify a particular seasonal filter for every month or quarter or possibly different filters in different months, or you can let X-12/X-13 choose the filter for you.
X-12/X-13 has built-in procedures to choose the filter length for you based on the Global Moving Seasonality Ratio (MSR) which is a measure of the average change in the irregular divided by the average change in the seasonal for the entire series. The most common choice for the seasonal filter is 3x5.
If the MSR is small, then that indicates, generally speaking, that either the irregular is small or the seasonal pattern is changing (or perhaps both). In a situation like this, X-12/X-13 will choose a short filter (3x3) to pick up the changes in the seasonal pattern. If the MSR is large, that indicates that either the irregular is large or that the seasonal pattern is stable, or perhaps both. For a large MSR, X-12/X-13 will choose a longer filter (3x9) to fit the more stable seasonal pattern and to be more stable in the presence of extreme values.
For more on seasonal filters, see X-12-ARIMA Reference Manual or the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Reference Manual.
In X-12/X-13 a simple 2x12 (or 2x4 for quarterly series) trend filter is used for the first rough estimate of the trend. The other trend-cycle estimates come from very complex filters known as Henderson filters. Henderson filters are designed to be able to estimate curves.
For monthly series X-12/X-13 will choose either a 9-, a 13-, or a 23-term Henderson filter automatically, based on the I/C ratio. X-12/X-13 chooses a 9-term Henderson filter when the I/C ratio is small to pick up the changes in the trend-cycle and chooses a 23-term filter when the I/C ratio is large so that the filter is less susceptible to extreme values. For quarterly series, X-12/X-13 will choose either a 5-term or a 7-term Henderson filter. If you prefer, you can specify the Henderson moving average of any odd number greater than one and less than or equal to 101.
For more on trend filters, see X-12-ARIMA Reference Manual or the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Reference Manual.
X-12/X-13 has two separate procedures to handle extreme values.
If a point is a very large point outlier or a shift in the level of the series, the effect is estimated as a regression effect in the regARIMA model and prior-adjusted out of the series before the iterative procedures begin.
As part of the iterative procedure, there is another estimation of points that are unusual and may cause problems. These points are identified by comparing the standard deviation of the irregular to individual points of the irregular component. Any points that are too far away from the identity (1 for multiplicative adjustments or 0 for additive adjustments) are down-weighted. These points are called extreme values in the X-12/X-13 output (found in Table D9). This procedure would only identify point outliers, not shifts in the level of the series as we could define with the regARIMA model.
Outliers and extreme values are adjusted out of the series when estimating the seasonal component so that they don't affect the estimate of the seasonal component. However, they are not adjusted out of the seasonally adjusted series. Point outliers and extreme values are included with the irregular component. Level shifts are included with the trend component. Because the seasonally adjusted series is the trend and irregular components together, all outliers and extreme values are included in the seasonally adjusted series.
X-12/X-13 includes built-in regressors for Easter, Labor Day, and Thanksgiving. You can estimate other holiday effects by defining them as user-defined regressors in the regARIMA model.
A free utility program available to help users generate user-defined regressors for holidays is available here from the US Census Bureau site.
Catherine Hood Consulting has generated some regressors for other holidays such as Easter Monday, Lunar New Year, and Diwali. You will find our holiday regressors list and instructions here.
X-12/X-13 allows for running a large number of series in two "batch" modes:
For production purposes, it is best to use multi-spec mode. (Single-spec mode can be useful for research purposes in particular.)
To run X-12-ARIMA or X-13ARIMA-SEATS on more than one series, you first have to create a file with a list of all the series you need to run. For multi-spec mode, the file is called a metafile and simply lists the input specification files to run without the .spc extension on the file names. A metafile must have the extension .mta.
The Windows Interface to X-12-ARIMA and the Windows Interface to X-13ARIMA-SEATS can create metafiles as well as spec files.
More information on running X-12-ARIMA in batch mode is available in the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Input Files on Your PC (Windows)". For more details on batch mode in X-13ARIMA-SEATS, it is also helpful to read the paper "Getting Started with X-13ARIMA-SEATS for Windows" by Brian C. Monsell, Demetra Lytras, and David Findley.
X-12-ARIMA and X-13ARIMA-SEATS is able to compute both direct and indirect adjustments of the aggregate or composite series from a set of component series. (A direct adjustment is when we combine the component series first and then adjust. An indirect adjustment is when the component series are seasonally adjusted first and then combined to get an adjustment for the total.)
There are four steps when asking X-12/X-13 to calculate a seasonal adjustment for an aggregate series:
In the spec files for the component series, we need to tell X-12/X-13 how we want the series combined with the argument "comptype". Usually we want to add the series, so we use the argument comptype=add. The comptype argument is the only change that we need to make from a usual spec file for the series.
In the spec file for the aggregate or composite series, the series spec is replaced by the composite spec. The direct seasonal adjustment of the series is controlled by the x11 spec.
composite{
title = 'Composite Example for the FAQ'
}
transform{function=log}
arima{model = (0 1 1)(0 1 1)}
regression{variables =(td)}
outlier{ }
check{ }
forecast{maxlead = 24}
X11{ }
slidingspans{ }
history{estimates=(fcst sadj sadjchng)}
More information on running X-12/X-13 to get an indirect adjustment is available in the paper "Getting Started with X-12-ARIMA Input Files on Your PC (Windows)". For more details on batch mode in X-13ARIMA-SEATS, it is also helpful to read the paper "Getting Started with X-13ARIMA-SEATS for Windows" by Brian C. Monsell, Demetra Lytras, and David Findley.
The Census Bureau makes announcements of program updates through a moderated mailing list called x12a-announce. You will find more information on the Census Bureau's main page for X-13.
The US Census Bureau teaches a limited number of courses, mostly to government and nonprofit organizations.
Catherine and Roxanne have taught many courses over the past 25 years. A complete list of the courses available from Catherine Hood Consulting is found on the Course List Page.
Once you've read the FAQ and the Getting Started papers (and registered for a class), you should try to run X-12/X-13 on your own. The Windows Interface to X-12-ARIMA and the Windows Interface to X-13ARIMA-SEATS will write input specification files and metafiles for you. If you are a new user, this program will help you tremendously. Once you've run the program, the latest version of the interface program will help you manage the diagnostics.
No. Currently there is no DLL for X-12 or X-13 to run it from Excel. However, it is possible to write Excel macros that will output the files you need to run either X-12 or X-13.
X-13ARIMA-SEATS combines the current filters used in X-12-ARIMA with ARIMA-model-based adjustment as implemented in the program SEATS. In SEATS, the seasonal and trend filters are estimated simultaneously based on the ARIMA model. The new program still provides access to all of X-12-ARIMA's seasonal and trend filters and to the diagnostics.
If you are interested in learning more about ARIMA-model-based adjustments, and if you are already an X-12 user, then X-13 has a much shorter learning curve than switching to TRAMO/SEATS.
At this point, the Census Bureau uses X-13ARIMA-SEATS for official seasonal adjustments. For the most part, most X-12 specs will run in X-13, so switching would be fairly simple for most users.
Previous research (Hood, Ashley, and Findley, 2000) has indicated that ARIMA-model-based adjustments work very well for series with a large irregular component. However, this is only true when the series are long enough. For series with only four years of data, for example, it is difficult to get an accurate ARIMA model. Fortunately, the diagnostics in X-13 can help us compare various adjustments for the same series. For example on this kind of comparison, please see the paper mentioned above by Hood, Ashley, and Findley (2000): "An Empirical Evaluation of the Performance of TRAMO/SEATS on Simulated Series"
FAQ written by Catherine C.H. Hood
with help from Lynn Imel, Kathy McDonald-Johnson, David Findley, Brian Monsell, and James Ashley
Copyright 2006-2022
Last modified: 2 June 2022
Contact us at info
at cchhood.com.
Site Map